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最近刊登于《美國醫(yī)學會雜志》(Journal of the American Medical Association)的兩篇研究文章進一步證明，某些長期生活習慣可能降低老年人智力減退的風險。
Two studies published in this week's Journal of the American Medical Association add to evidence that long-term lifestyle habits may reduce the risk of mental decline in old age.

第一項研究對紐約的1,880位老年人進行了長期觀察，結果發(fā)現(xiàn)地中海式飲食和體育鍛煉均與罹患老年癡呆癥的風險降低相關。哥倫比亞大學醫(yī)學中心Taub 阿爾茨海默氏癥與老化腦部研究所(Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain)公布的這項數(shù)據(jù)是一項大型老齡化研究項目的一部分。
The first study, a long-term look at 1,880 elderly people in New York City, found that a Mediterranean-type diet and physical activity each were linked to less risk for Alzheimer's disease. The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain at Columbia University Medical Center released the data as part of a larger research project on aging.

第二項研究對法國的1,410名病人進行了較短期的觀察，結果發(fā)現(xiàn)地中海式飲食和認知功能損害減緩之間有某種相關性。
The second study, a shorter-term observation of 1,410 patients in France, found some correlation between a Mediterranean-type diet and slower cognitive damage.

第一篇研究文章的作者尼古拉斯·斯卡爾米斯(Nikolaos Scarmeas)生長于希臘雅典，他是吃魚肉和蔬菜長大的?，F(xiàn)在，這位神經(jīng)學家建議更多人采用他母親的烹飪食譜。這種傳統(tǒng)飲食的特點是，除了攝入適量魚肉和酒類，還食用大量蔬菜、豆類和谷類等食物，并佐以橄欖油。長期保持這種飲食習慣，可以使心血管系統(tǒng)更加健康。
Nikolaos Scarmeas, the author of the first study, grew up eating fish and vegetables in Athens, Greece. Now the neurologist suggests more people take up his mother's cooking. Marked by high consumption of foods such as vegetables, legumes and cereals, served with olive oil, in addition to moderate fish and alcohol intake, the traditional diet has long conferred better cardiovascular health.

哥倫比亞大學 (Columbia University)的研究人員從1992年開始對老年病人進行追蹤觀察，每18個月檢查一次，除了統(tǒng)計年齡、性別和受教育程度等控制因素外，檢查內容還包括飲食、鍛煉和精神健康情況。明尼蘇達州羅切斯特市梅奧診所(Mayo Clinic)阿爾茨海默氏癥研究中心主任羅納德·彼得森(Ronald Petersen)說，這是梳理出飲食和鍛煉各自對預防老年癡呆癥的作用的首批研究項目之一。研究表明，衰老不一定是消極的過程。彼得森并未參與該項研究。
Starting in 1992, researchers at Columbia University monitored elderly patients every 18 months for diet, exercise and mental health, in addition to a number of controls including age, sex and education. 'This is one of the first studies to tease apart the independent contributions of diet and exercise for dementia prevention,' says Ronald Petersen, director of the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., who was not involved in the research. 'It suggests that aging need not be a passive process.'

這些研究只是觀察結果，而非確定結論，但它們暗示了哪些因素可能降低罹患阿爾茨海默氏癥或老年癡呆癥的幾率。在哥倫比亞大學的研究中，與那些沒有嚴格堅持控制飲食或沒有積極進行體育鍛煉的人相比，最嚴格地堅持控制飲食的人把患阿爾茨海默氏癥的風險降低了40%，而最積極進行體育鍛煉的人把這一風險降低了33%。
These studies are observational and not definitive, but they hint at what might reduce the chances of Alzheimer's or dementia. In the Columbia research, those who adhered most closely to the diet reduced their risk for Alzheimer's by 40%, while those with the highest physical activity decreased their risk 33%, compared with people who didn't adhere closely to the diet or weren't physically active.

在第二項研究中，法國研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，健康的飲食與減緩智力衰退有關，但他們未發(fā)現(xiàn)其與降低患老年癡呆癥的風險之間有明顯聯(lián)系。
In the second study, French researchers found the healthy diet to be associated with slower mental decline, but they didn't discover a strong link with a reduction in dementia.

該領域的醫(yī)生們謹慎地指出，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)并不表明它們之間存在因果關系，而是反映了保持健康生活方式的益處?！霸?0歲才突然停止吃麥當勞而開始吃抱子甘藍時，這些益處不會馬上顯現(xiàn)，”明尼蘇達州羅切斯特市梅奧診所的神經(jīng)學家戴維·克諾普曼(David Knopman)說道。他為發(fā)表于《美國醫(yī)學會雜志》的這些研究文章撰寫了按語，但沒有參與其中任何一項研究。他的按語強調了研究中的混雜變量。他還寫道，健康飲食和鍛煉是諸多終身健康生活方式中的一部分。
Doctors in the field are careful to note that none of these findings demonstrate a causal relationship, but instead reflect the advantages of a continual healthy lifestyle. 'The benefits don't just occur at age 70 when you suddenly stop eating McDonald's and start eating Brussels sprouts,' says David Knopman, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., who wrote the editorial accompanying the studies in JAMA and wasn't involved in either study. His editorial highlights confounding variables in the studies. 'Healthy diet and exercise is part of a package of lifelong healthy living.'

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