對(duì)于閱讀中碰到的生僻詞,我們首先要學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別哪些情況下即使不了解詞義也不影響對(duì)短文的理解;其次是轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)生僻詞義認(rèn)識(shí)上的態(tài)度,即在許多情況下不必了解該詞的確切意義,尤其沒(méi)有必要了解它在英漢辭典中的中文釋義,而只需對(duì)該詞詞義的大概而籠統(tǒng)的理解就行。實(shí)踐中,在確定了短文中哪些生僻詞的詞義有必要作一大概了解后,我們可以從以下兩個(gè)角度來(lái)猜度詞義:?

一、構(gòu)詞知識(shí)

即利用單詞的構(gòu)詞要素詞根,前后綴來(lái)識(shí)記單詞。詞根是一個(gè)單詞的根本部分,代表詞的基本意義;前綴是加在詞根或單詞前面的部分,通常也有一定含義;后綴是加在詞根或單詞后面的部分,通常在增加詞義的同時(shí)還改變?cè)~性。通過(guò)詞根詞綴構(gòu)詞的方式有多種,現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單歸納如下:

①前綴+詞根:inter(中間)+vene→intervene(介入)

②詞根+后綴:circl(圓)+let(小)→circlet(小環(huán))

③詞根+詞根:tele(遠(yuǎn))+scope(鏡)→telescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡)

④前綴+詞根+后綴:in(不)+aud(聽(tīng))+ible(可)→inaudible(聽(tīng)不見(jiàn))

⑤雙前綴+詞根:re(再)+dis(取下)+cover(蓋)→rediscover(再發(fā)現(xiàn))

⑥詞根+雙后綴:care(用心)+less(不)+ly(地)→carelessly(不小心地)

⑦前綴+雙詞根:tri(三)+gono(角)+metry(測(cè)量)→trigonometry(三角幾何)

⑧雙詞根+后綴:biblio(書(shū))+phil(愛(ài))+ist(人)→bibliophilist(書(shū)籍愛(ài)好者)

⑨雙前綴+詞根+后綴:ir(不)+re(反對(duì))+sist(站)+ible→irresistible(不可抵抗的)

⑩前綴+詞根+雙后綴:se(離)+greg(群)+ation+ist→segregationist(種族隔離主義者)

雙前綴+詞根+雙后綴:un(不)+pre(先)+ced(走)+ent+ed→unprecedented(史無(wú)前例的)

二、上下文線索

利用上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義的方法很多,但其核心是尋找與該生僻詞相關(guān)的上下文意義線索,這些線索主要可歸納為以下幾種:

(1)同義定義 ?為了便于讀者理解作者本義,作者有時(shí)會(huì)對(duì)文中的生僻詞或?qū)I(yè)性較強(qiáng)的詞直接給出定義。在下定義時(shí),作者常使用一些信號(hào)詞, 如:is/are(called),means,can be defined as,refer to,is/are known as,signify等,例:

Food fallacies refer to beliefs about food that are not true. 或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),如——,()等,

例: Multiplexing ——transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.

有時(shí),作者用同位語(yǔ)形式或連詞or給出定義,例:

Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates, “hollow gutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.

Intelligent?behavior?remained?impossible?until?the?appearance?of?relatively?big, complex?types?of?brain——the?types?we?find?among?the?vertebrates, or?backboned?animals.?

(2)近義復(fù)述 ?同一短文中上下毗鄰的句子通常有互釋作用,我們可以從上下文的復(fù)述中獲取與某一單詞相關(guān)的信息來(lái)猜度詞義。例:?

Mr.?and?Mrs.?Firth?had?a?long?courtship.?They?dated?for?nine?years?before?they?got?married.?

Although?he?often?had?the?opportunity,?Mr.?Tritt?never?stole?money?from?a?customer.?This?would?have?endangered?his?position?at?the?bank, and?he?did?not?want?to?jeopardize?his?future.?

(3)反義對(duì)照 ?在表示對(duì)照的上下文中,常包含有意義相反的詞語(yǔ)或概念,這些意義相反的概念可以互為線索,幫助我們猜度詞義。常有以下一些信號(hào)?詞:although,but,however,though,whereas,while,yet,on?the?contrary,on?the?other?hand等。?例:Chimpanzees(猩猩)?in?the?wild?use?simple?objects?as?tools, but?in?laboratory?situations?they?can?use?more?sophisticated?items.?

Most?dentists-offices?are?drab?places, while?Emilio’s?new?office?is?a?bright, cheerful?place.???

(4)搭配集合 ?利用詞與詞的搭配或該詞所出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)境,我們也能推知詞義的大概輪廓。例:?

People?gathered?to?look.?Three?fine?streams?of?hot?water?sprouted?from?holes?in?the?jacket(套,殼)?of?the?radiator.?

A?man?is?watering?his?lawn?just?as?an?attractive, well?dressed?girl?walked?by.?As?he?ogles?her, he?accidentally?turns?the?hose?on?his?ugly, dowdy?wife.?

(5)比較舉例 ?上下文中的比較和舉例,能揭示比較物或列舉物之間的共性,我們可根據(jù)這些共性來(lái)推知有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)的意思。例:?

The?consequences?of?epochal?events?such?as?wars?and?great?scientific?discoveries?are?not?confined?to?a?small?geographical?area.?

Doctors?believe?that?smoking?cigarettes?is?detrimental?to?your?health.?They?also?regard?drinking?as?harmful.???

(6)因果時(shí)間 ?因與果、時(shí)間的先與后都是事物發(fā)展變化過(guò)程中的必然關(guān)系,在利用上下文推測(cè)詞義時(shí),這些關(guān)系也至關(guān)重要。例:?

Robert?is?considered?peremptory?administrator?because?he?makes?decisions?without?seeking?the?opinions?of?others.?

When?Mark?was?in?pedantic?mood, he?assumed?the?manner?of?a?famous?professor?and?gave?long?lectures?on?boring,?insignificant?topics.?

(7)常識(shí) ?包括我們的生活經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)以及自己專(zhuān)業(yè)方面的知識(shí),在閱讀到與自己專(zhuān)業(yè)相近的文章時(shí),我們都會(huì)感到相對(duì)容易,這正是我們的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)在幫我們理解。例:???

An?apple?falls?down?instead?of?up?because?of?gravity.?

An?atomic?clock?is?so?precise?that?it?can?be?used?to?check?the?accuracy?of?predictions?based?on?Einstein’s?relativity?theories.??

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