劍橋雅思6 第一套試題，閱讀部分 Passage ，閱讀真題原文部分：

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

AUSTRALIA'S SPORTING SUCCESS

A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.

B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one - such as building muscle strength in golfers - to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can't waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don't help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,' says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.

C A lot of their work comes down to measurement - everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason's contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (SWimming ANalysis)system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer's performance into factors that can be analysed individually - stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer

D ‘Take a look,' says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,' says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists' research is bringing to a range of sports.

With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete's clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete's ability to run. There's more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AlS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes' saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.

E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model', based on what they expect will be the winning times. ‘You design the model to make that time,' says Mason. ‘A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.' All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world's most successful sporting nation.

F Of course, there's nothing to stop other countries copying-and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists' and rowers' times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent', developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia's success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.

Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports
2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations
3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity
4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduced
5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated
6 an overview of the funded support of athletes
7 how performance requirements are calculated before an event

Questions 8-11
Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states they
A are currently exclusively used by Australians
B will be used in the future by Australians
C are currently used by both Australians and their rivals
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.
8 cameras
9 sensors
10 protein tests
11 altitude tents

Questions 12 and 13
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event?
13 By how much did some cyclists' performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?

READING PASSAGE 1真題解析：

篇章結構
體裁 說明文
主題 澳大利亞的體育成就
結構 A段：澳大利亞體育成績斐然 B段：科技是第一生產力
C段：精確測量和數(shù)據(jù)分析 D段：精確測量和數(shù)據(jù)分析的實例
E段：數(shù)據(jù)的實際應用 F段：不可復制的成功

必背詞匯

A段
fair adj.合理的pro n.職業(yè)運動員
demolish v.擊敗；破壞，毀壞 under the eye of 在……的注意下
rival n.競爭者，對手 body n.團體，機構
seeming adj.表面上的(通常事實并非如此) finance v.給……提供經費
ease n.不費力，輕松 excellence n.優(yōu)秀，卓越
extensive adj.廣泛的，涉及面廣的 intensive adj.強化的
underpin v.以……為穩(wěn)固基礎 nutritional adj.營養(yǎng)的

B段
centre stage 中心地位 squash n.壁球
collaborate v.合作 instrument n.儀器，器械
golfer n.打高爾夫球的人 ethereal adj.飄渺的，引申為不切實際的

C段
come down to(sth.)可歸結為 wire-frame adj.線框的
second-by-second 每秒的 slice v.劃開；切開
output n.輸出 slow motion 慢動作
wring…out of 原義為扭，榨取，此處引申為從……中(經過努力)獲得 side-on 從側面
stroke n.劃動，劃水
tweak v.扭，用力拉 spine n.脊柱
world-beating adj.舉世矚目的 swivel v.旋轉
prototype n.原型 biomechanical adj.生物力(學)的
profile n.原義為輪廓、外形，此處意為模型 velocity n.速度，速率
lap n.一圈
budding adj.發(fā)展中的 spit out 原義是吐出，此處引申為顯示出、分析出
frame n.幀，畫面

D段
turn time 轉身時間 immunoglobulin n.免疫球蛋白
unobtrusive adj.不顯眼的，不醒目的 present adj.存在的
sensor n.傳感器 saliva n.唾液
embed v.使插入；使嵌入 ease v.減輕，減弱
sweat v.出汗，發(fā)汗 remarkably adv.顯著地，引人注目地；非常地
experimentation n.實驗，試驗
immune-system 免疫系統(tǒng)的

E段
complex adj.復雜的 transform v.轉換，轉變，改變
championship n.冠軍賽 arguably adv.可論證地(可辯論地)，有理由說地
gear v.調整，(使)適合
segment n.部分

F段
unveil v.展示(新產品)；揭開 altitude tent 高原帳篷
coolant-lined 流線型散熱 replicate v.復制
endurance n.耐力；忍耐力 encompass v.包含或包括某事物
slice v.減少，降低

難句解析
1. A lot of their work comes down to measurement—everything from the exact angle of a swimmer's dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist.
參考譯文：許多工作都涉及具體測量，測量內容包括從游泳運動員潛水的精確角度到自行車運動員每秒功率輸出的所有數(shù)據(jù)。
語言點：
come down to：歸結為；涉及If a complicated situation or problem comes down to something, that is the single most important thing
It all comes down to money in the end.歸根到底，一切都是因為錢。

2. No gain is too slight to bother with.
參考譯文：無論多么微小的收獲都值得為之努力。
語言點：
(1)too…to的用法：表示否定的含義，譯為“太……以致于不能”。本句話雖然短，卻因為有no否定詞和too…to句型而出現(xiàn)了肯定的意思，因此要格外注意?？梢愿鶕?jù)“負負得正”的原則直接將原句翻譯成肯定的意思，便于理解。
(2)gain n.獲得
① [C] an advantage or improvement, especially one achieved by planning or effort
② [U&C] an increase in the amount or level of something
③ [U] financial profit, especially when this seems to be the only thing someone is interested in The party made considerable gains at local elections.該黨派在地方選舉中獲得許多利益。
(3) bother v. 努力做: to make the effort to do something
① (not) bother to do something
He didn't bother to answer the question.
② (not) bother about/with
He didn't bother with a reply.
③ (not) bother doing something
Many young people didn't bother voting.
don't/didn't/won't etc. bother
‘ Do you want me to wait for you?’ ‘No, don't bother.’
Why bother to go abroad when there are so many nice places here?

3. You design the model to make that time A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.
參考譯文：人們設計一種模式以達到預期的速度，該模式規(guī)定了出發(fā)時間的長短、每次劃水的速率、一定的劃頻和劃距、轉身所需的時間等等。
注意：代詞this和that，these等所指代的東西，需要通過上下文理解掌握。本句話中代詞指的是“競賽模式”下所預期的時間、速度等。
語言點：
(1)stroke(劃船，游泳等)一劃
butterfly stroke蝶泳sidestroke側泳breaststroke蛙泳backstroke仰泳
(2) frequency 頻 率 the number of times that something happens within a particular period of time or within a particular group of people
① frequency of
the frequency of serious road accidents重大道路交通事故的發(fā)生頻率
② the high/low frequency (of something)高/低頻率
the higher frequency of diabetes in older people老年人中的糖尿病高發(fā)頻率
Side effects from prescribed drugs are being reported with increasing frequency.處方藥的副作用遭到越來越多的報道。

試題解析

Questions 1-7
●題目類型：MATCHING
●題目解析：

第1題
定位詞：exchange of expertise, between different sports/collaborate, across a number of sports
文中對應點：B段：…and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports…
題干中講到不同體育領域的專業(yè)知識交流正好跟原文中跨不同體育專家之間的合作相對應，理解意思即可容易找到正確答案。

第2題
定位詞：visual imaging/3D, image
文中對應點：C段:…shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers./It collects images from digital cameras…
通過題干中的視頻成像可以很容易找到原文中對應的3D和成像。

第3題
定位詞：a reason for narrowing/can't waste time
文中對應點：B段：We can't waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don't help the coach work with an athlete…
需要細讀原文，發(fā)現(xiàn)此句話所要表達的意思是不在一些飄渺的、不切實際的科學問題上浪費時間，也就是說要縮小研究的范圍。此處不容易找到對應，需要對于句子和題目的準確理解。
TIPS：還可以通過題目中的research activity研究活動和原文中的scientific questions科學問題確認所定位的位置。

第4題
定位詞：AIS ideas reproduce/copying
文中對應點：F段：Of course，there's nothing to stop other countries copying…
找到AIS ideas定位到最后一段，題干中的reproduce是復制的意思，之后從文章中發(fā)現(xiàn)句子有復制copying，即可以直接定位。

第5題
定位詞：Obstacle, investigated/ impact, monitor
文中對應點：D段：…to monitor heart rate，sweating，heat production or any other fact or that might have an impact on an athlete's ability to run.
題干提到理想成績的障礙是如何被調查研究的，而讀到對應句子之后看到正好是sensors(傳感器)對于運動員跑步的impact(影響)進行研究的儀器，而且obstacles和impact對應。

第6題
定位詞：Overview, funded support/finance
文中對應點：A段：…finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women.
finances是解題關鍵，意思為資助，正好跟題干中funded support表達了相同的義項，直接對應。而且之后一句話提及以上項目所提供的服務和建議，可以確信答案。
TIPS：看到overview就從文章開頭和結尾去找。

第7題
定位詞：Calculated before an event/using data，well before a championship
文中對應點：F段：Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, …
首先通過well before a championship和文章中before an event定位到F段，之后發(fā)現(xiàn)后面提及的“競爭模型”作用就是計算時間和速率，因此內容對應上calculate，此時可斷定答案的位置。

TIPS：
這是一道典型的段落搭配相關信息型MATCHING題目。
有效的解題方法是：
1.瀏覽所有信息，找出關鍵字。
2.精讀各段首末句，泛讀其他語句。
3.對應相關信息。
建議各位考生先做完這種題目，再完成其他題目。

Questions 8-11
●題目類型：分類題，Classify屬于配對題。
●題目解析：
此類題首先分析類別之間的不同，之后在文章中找到對應點。
題目類別的不同點：
不難看出，三個類別中，A和B分為一類，A和C分為一類。進行對比。

第8題
答案：A
文章對應點：C段，…SWAN system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras.
解析：digital cameras是對應詞。而前一句已經提到該系統(tǒng)已廣泛應用于澳大利亞各項全國賽事之中，而沒有提到其他國家，因此可以判斷應該只有澳大利亞人在使用。

第9題
答案：B
文章對應點：D段，…With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology inMelbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete's clothes…
解析：找到相同對應詞sensor，讀其前后的句子，發(fā)現(xiàn)有Melbourne，斷定是澳大利亞人的發(fā)明。之后要特別留心動詞develop運用現(xiàn)在進行時，表示正在開發(fā)；而且注意之后的定語從句采用了將來時，所以可以斷定此發(fā)明還沒有完成，應該屬于將來的成果。因此選擇B。

第10題
答案：A
文章對應點：D段：…AIS and the University ofNewcastle in New South Walesdeveloped a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A…/Since the tests were introduced，AIS athletes in all sports have been…
解析：非常容易在前面第一句話中找到跟題目protein tests所對應的詞語a test…protein。之后細讀前后句，發(fā)現(xiàn)后面一句話對于此項科技成果的受益者文章中只提到AIS運動員，即澳大利亞體育學院的運動員，隸屬于澳大利亞，所以應該選擇A。

第11題
答案：C
文章對應點：F段：The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent'，developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level.
解析：文章中很容易找到用引號括起來的題目中的名詞短語，因此只要細心讀原句，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)開頭的‘The same has happened…’同樣的事情也發(fā)生在……根據(jù)經驗應該順著文章向上追溯，發(fā)現(xiàn)跟‘altitude tent’相同情況的是1996年奧運會上澳大利亞人受益的流線型散熱運動服現(xiàn)在全世界都在用。因此‘altitude tent’也被世界各國應用。所以答案應該選擇C。且根據(jù)此段話大意可以了解文章只提到兩種研究成果被別國運用，即高原帳篷和流線型散熱服。所以可以間接判斷前三項成果是由澳大利人獨享的。

Questions 12-13
●題目類型：問答題Answer questions屬于主觀題。
●題目解析：
首先根據(jù)題目位置判斷所對應的段落應該在文章的后半部分，然后開始找到對應詞。需要特別注意題目要求是從文章中找到詞語或數(shù)字答題，因此不能自己編寫答案。

第12題
對應點：help an athlete plan, produced / prepare the athlete by, developing
解析：Help an athlete plan their performance對應上prepare the athlete by之后，要認真研究題目所問的是what is produced，斷定所作答案必定要填一個名詞。因此要細讀原文發(fā)現(xiàn)有單詞developing恰與produced相對應，中文意思是“開發(fā)”，則答案必定是開發(fā)之后的名詞。
TIPS：注意帶引號的內容都含有比較重要的信息。
正確答案為(a)competition model

第13題
對應點：1996 Olympic Games, cyclists, improve
解析：1996 Olympic Games是一個很好的定位詞。
定好位后要認真研究題目。分析問句是‘By how much…improve’，意思為“提高了多少”，可以判斷出答案需要寫一個數(shù)字。因此仔細閱讀相關語句找到sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists ‘and rowers’ times.很快就可以找到數(shù)字百分之二。
TIPS：注意文章的題目要求是填寫一個數(shù)字而非一個名詞，很多考生因為找到1996而盲目地填上成果的名稱“coolant-lined jackets”，實在是遺憾。因此，語法分析是本題解題的關鍵。
正確答案是(by)2 per cent/％

參考譯文

澳大利亞的體育成就

A 他們努力競爭，他們積極參與，他們參加比賽完全為了取勝。澳大利亞體育勁旅輕松擊敗對手，取得輝煌戰(zhàn)績。他們何以做到這一點?成功的秘密在于一個由體育學院和科研機構組成的網(wǎng)絡，該網(wǎng)絡以科學與醫(yī)學為基礎，涉及面廣且耗資巨大。在澳大利亞體育學院(AIS)里，數(shù)百名青年選手與職業(yè)運動員在教練的指導下共同生活和訓練。另一家機構——澳大利亞體育運動委員會(ASC)，則為總計96項體育運動中項目的數(shù)千名表現(xiàn)突出的男女運動員提供資助。上述兩家機構均提供強化訓練、訓練設備和營養(yǎng)咨詢服務。

B 科學在體育科研機構中的地位舉足輕重。AIS不僅雇用了上百名在體育方面深有研究的科學家和醫(yī)生，還與大學及研究中心的幾十名專家學者致力合作。AIS的科學家們同時研究多個體育項目，并將一個項目中的研究成果跨界應用，例如將增強高爾夫球運動員肌肉力量的訓練方法應用于游泳和壁球中?？茖W家們也得到了那些設計專用儀器來收集運動員資料的技術人員們的強大支持。他們都只關注一個目標：勝利。AIS的科研主管彼得?弗里克說：“我們不能在不切實際的科學問題上浪費時間，它們既無法協(xié)助教練指導運動員，也無法提高運動員本身的能力?！?/p>

C 專家們的許多工作都涉及具體測量，測量內容包括從游泳運動員潛水的精確角度到自行車運動員每秒功率輸出的所有數(shù)據(jù)。這些資料將有助于運動員發(fā)揮最大的潛力來提高運動能力。工作核心是以人為本，其目的在于促使運動員發(fā)揮最大潛力來提高哪怕是百分之一秒的速度或者是一毫米的成績。無論多么微小的收獲都值得為之努力。正是這些跬步的積累，才使得澳大利亞取得舉世矚目的體育成就。為了說明系統(tǒng)運作的原理，AIS的科學家布魯斯?梅森展示了為研究游泳運動員而設計的三維分析工具模型。只見一個游泳冠軍獲得者的線框模型劃開水面，她的雙臂以慢動作的形式劃動。側面觀察，梅森可以測量每次劃動中運動員前進的距離。俯視觀察，他可以分析這位運動員的脊柱是怎樣轉動的。該系統(tǒng)設計完成后，他將能夠為教練們建立生物力學的模型，協(xié)助培養(yǎng)游泳運動員。梅森對體育事業(yè)的貢獻還包括游泳運動分析系統(tǒng)(SWAN)的開發(fā)，該系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在正廣泛應用于澳大利亞各項全國賽事之中。系統(tǒng)采用攝影頻率為50格/秒的數(shù)碼相機收集影像，然后將游泳運動員的每個動作都分解成可分析的因素，例如劃距、劃頻、每個劃水動作的平均持續(xù)時間、速率、出發(fā)時間、往返時間和結束時間等等。每次比賽結束后，SWAN都會給出每名運動員的數(shù)據(jù)資料。

D “請看，”梅森一邊說一邊抽出一張數(shù)據(jù)資料分析表。他指出獲得第二名和第三名運動員的資料，數(shù)據(jù)證明游的最快的人其實是獲得第三名的選手。那么，為什么他會以0.35秒之差落后呢?梅森解釋說：“他轉身所需的時間比另一名選手長0.44秒。如果能夠提高轉身的技能，他的成績將會大大提高?！盇IS科學家們的研究將這種精確性帶到各種體育項目之中。他們正與位于墨爾本的微技術合作研究中心合作，共同開發(fā)可嵌入運動員衣服或跑鞋里的微型傳感器，用以監(jiān)控心律、出汗情況、發(fā)熱量以及其他一切可能對運動員賽跑能力造成影響的因素。這不僅僅是簡單地測評運動員們的表現(xiàn)。弗里克舉了一個每年都會因感冒咳嗽而病倒十一二次的運動員的例子來說明了這一點。經過多年試驗，AIS與新南威爾士州的紐卡斯爾大學合作研發(fā)出一種測試，以測量運動員唾液中免疫球蛋白A的含量。如果免疫球蛋白A的含量突然降到某一水平之下，訓練就會減弱強度或完全停止。不久，免疫球蛋白A水平開始回升，危險也最終消除。自推行該測試以來，AIS所有體育項目的運動員們都非常成功地保持著良好的健康狀態(tài)。

E 數(shù)據(jù)資料的分析與應用十分復雜。在錦標賽開始之前，體育科學家和教練們就早早著手訓練運動員，為比賽做好準備。基于預期中將能奪冠的速度，他們力圖使運動員進入“競賽模式”。梅森說：“人們設計一種模式以達到預期的速度，該模式規(guī)定了出發(fā)時間的長短、每次劃水的速率、一定的劃頻和劃距、轉身所需的時間等等。”因此，無論是針對比賽整體還是其每個組成部分，所有的訓練都是為了使運動員達到這些目標。諸如此類的先進科技已使澳大利亞成為了一個當之無愧的世界體育強國。

F 當然，許多國家都曾嘗試著模仿，這是無法避免的。十幾年前，AIS為進行耐力訓練的運動員設計出一款流線型散熱運動服。在1996年舉辦的亞特蘭大奧運會上，該運動服為自行車運動員和劃艇選手們減少了2％的比賽時間?，F(xiàn)在，所有的選手都在使用這種新型運動服?！案咴瓗づ瘛币彩侨绱?，這是AIS為了模仿在海平面高度地點的訓練效果而設計研發(fā)的。然而，澳大利亞的成功故事絕不僅僅是些可以機械復制的技術方案，這也是為何時至今日也沒有任何國家能夠效仿其包羅萬象的訓練系統(tǒng)。